SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS CODE MIXING BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE IN FACEBOOK Using Code mixing theory

ANALYSIS CODE MIXING BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE IN FACEBOOK

1. Background of the study
Nowadays, there are so many people who have more than one language. Most of them are having two or more languages, namely their native language and the second language. The language which is usually mastered well by people is their mother tongue or native language. Most of them firstly used their mother tongue to communicate to their family and society. However during their communication with other people and because of the need of understanding other people about what they mean, there is a demand for the people to master or know the other languages. This condition caused many people learn another language to make their communication effective.
People who master more than one language is called bilingual or multilingual. Hundreds of millions people in the world routinely use two or more languages in their daily lives (multilingual). This also happens to the Indonesian people who are multilingual. Indonesian people master at least the
Indonesian national language that is Bahasa Indonesia and their regional language. Well-educated people usually master foreign languages, such as English, Japanese, etc. The fact that people can use more than one language encourages them to mix code whenever they speak. No wonder people can use more than one language at the same time.
Moreover, it is also possible for the bilingual or multilingual people to use more than one language in a communication even though in the same topic, context or people.
The condition where people use more than one language or code in the same topic, context, or people in communication is called code mixing. According Suwito (in Rohmadi. 2004 : 60 ) “Code mixing is the use of two or more languages by entering the pieces of language to another while the pieces which inserts do not have function”.
Code mixing can be seen in spoken and written language. Code mixing in spoken language such as: radio program, Television program, teaching-learning process, etc. The code mixing can also found in written language can found in: newspaper, magazine, novel, internet media and etc.
In internet media we will found much code mixing, for example when we chat with other people at Facebook or Yahoo messenger. Facebook it self always use by other people as a tools of communication. In Facebook we will found much code mixing, when other people do chatting. Facebook deploy increasing code mixing custom in Indonesia too, especially Indonesian and English language code mixing. From those reasons above, the writer is interested in finding out code mixing that occurred in Facebook.

II. Research question
Based on the explanation above, the writer would like to study code mixing in Facebook deeply. Therefore, the writer wanted to answer the following question: What are the forms of code mixing in Facebook?

III. Objective study
Based on the background, codes mixing in facebook are usual. Due to these reasons, this study is intended to find code mixing that occurred in Facebook.

IV. Significance of the Study
Through this study, the writer expects that the findings maybe useful to enrich our knowledge about code mixing in Facebook. Moreover, the result of this study is generally intended would be used as reference and comparison with another study in order to make better analysis for further research in code mixing analysis..

V. Method of the study

V.1. Research Approach
The writer observes code-mixing in facebook. So, we choose qualitative method to describe the data, because we merely describe code-mixing in the facebook. The problem approach of this research is Qualitative research because this research aims to acquire an in dept understanding of human behaviors and the reasons that govern human behaviors.

V.2 Population and Sample
V.2.1 Population
The population of the study is male and female facebooker in Facebook.
V.2.2 Sample
The sample of the study consist the chatter in Facebook. The writer chooses this data because they use two languages (Indonesian and English) to communicate with each other.

V.3 Technique of Data Collection
The technique in collecting the data used in the research is:
1. Interviewing the facebooker by chatting.
2. Recording the chat and the wall.
3. Transcribing the recorded data
4. Analyzing code-mixing that occur in the data based on the theory.
V.4 Technique of data Analysis
1. Classifying the data based on code-mixing based on the chosen theory.
2. Classifying the category of code-mixing based on the chosen theory.
3. Explaining some conclusion.

VI. Literature Review
Code-Switching and Code-Mixing
Several scholars have attempted to define code-switching and code-mixing. Among them are Amuda (1989), Atoye (1994) and Belly (1976). For instance, Hymes (1974) defines only code-switching as “a common term for alternative use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles” while Bokamba (1989) defines both concepts thus:
Code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event… code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the participants, in order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.
The final reason for the switching behavior presented by Crystal (1987) is the alteration that occurs when the speaker wishes to convey his/her attitude to the listener. Where monolingual speakers can communicate these attitudes by means of variation in the level of formality in their speech, bilingual speakers can convey the same by code switching. Crystal (1987) suggests that where two bilingual speakers are accustomed to conversing in a particular language, switching to the other is bound to create a special effect. These notions suggest that code switching may be used as a socio-linguistic tool by bilingual speakers.

Language Choice
People constantly (subconscious) make selections when speaking. The use of one language, or variety or dialect of it, rather than another in a given instance is known as language choice (Fasold, 1984: 10). Language choice is of obvious relevance in multilingual settings:

“ ‘ Proper’ usage dictates that only one of the theoretically co-available languages or varieties will be chosen by particular classes of interlocutors on particular kinds of occasions to discuss particular kinds of topics.” (Fishman, 172: 15)
Again, in the area of language choice, there are two main research approaches: the Sociolinguistics approach is to search for a social structure (e.g.domain) and to see how the sample population fit in the structure; the Psycholinguistics approach is to look more for individual motivations for choosing one language over another. The work of linguists such as Fishman (1968: 1972) fit into the former category, while Giles and his colleagues (1977; 1979; 1981; 1991) belong to the latter research area.
Fishman (1972) developed the study of domains, i.e. that people choose their language according to the topic, setting and role relation of the interlocutors:
“Domains enable us to understand that language choice and topic…are…related to widespread socio-cultural norms and expectations.” (Fishman, 1972: 19)
Research has shown that the family domain is the most sacred, and when that is invaded, language shift is either inevitable or almost complete. Schooling and urbanisation also have effect on language shift or maintenance (Hammer & Blanc, 1989: 176-7). In addition to the socially prescribed norms, above, code selection can also depend on psycholinguistics factors, such as linguistics competence.

Code-Mixing
Code-mixing is similar to what we call language interference in code-mixing; the speaker takes components from another language while he is speaking a certain language. (Sumarsono dan Partana,2002: 202). According to Fasold (1984), the definition of code mixing is one of the major kinds of language choice which is subtler than code switching. This statement is added by Leung Yin Bing in his analysis titled constrains on intrasential code mixing in Cantonese and English that In code mixed sentences, piece of one language are used while a speaker is basically using another language. The ‘piece’ of the language are often words but that they can also be phrases or large units. The same statement stated by Arlene Clachar that the term code mixing refers to the transfer of linguistic units from one language to another and the units involved may be morphemes, words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
Nababan explains that the characteristics of code-mixing is informality. In formal situation, it is rarely found the phenomenon of code-mixing. According to John Gibbon, a code refers to a language or a variety or style of a language. Code-Mixing refers to the use of one or more languages for consistent transfer of linguistic units from one language into another, and by such a language mixture develops a new restricted or non-restricted code of linguistic interaction.
Code mixing is different from code switching. Thelander try to explain the differences between code mixing and code switching, he said that:

Bila di dalam suatu perstiwa tutur terjadi peralihan dari suatu klausa suatu bahasa ke klausa bahasa lain, maka peristiwa yang terjadi adalah alih kode. Tetapi apabila di dalam suatu peristiwa tutur, klausa-klausa maupun fase-fase yang digunakan terdiri dari klausa dan frase campuran (hybrin clauses, hybrid phrases), dan masing-masing klausa atau frase itu tidak lagi mendukung fungsi sendiri-sendiri, maka peristiwa yang terjadi adalah campuran kode bukan alih kode. (1976, p. 103)

In that sentence Thalender stated that code switching is occurred in different clause of different language and code mixing is occurred within one clause or phrase of one language (hybrid clause) and each of clauses or phrases do not support their each function anymore. This explanation is supported by concise oxford companion to the English language (1998) that a code may be a language or a variety or style of a language; the term code mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code- switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. On the other words, code mixing is mixed between two languages within one sentence but code switching is occurred in different sentence.











Analysis

Transcription of the data facebook wall and chat

1. Correspondent : female, Javanese, student
Dominant language : Indonesian
Facebook Wall
My life terasa sangat indah hari ini.
Analysis:
Conversation number one, I found English word in Indonesian language. Those words are “my” and “life”. It means that for conversation number one shows a mixing language from English into Indonesia language. Its

2. Correspondent : male, Javanese, student
Dominant language : Indonesian
Facebook wall
God damm it Milan kalah lagi
Analysis:
In conversation number two, I found English word in Indonesian language. That sentence is “god damm it”. I found code mixing in conversation number two. The Word “god damm it” at conversation number two expressing disappointed.

3. Correspondent : male, Javanese, student
Dominant language : Indonesia
Facebook Chat
Hi bro, how are you di sana?
Kapan balik ke tangerang?
Analysis:
In conversation number two I found code mixing process between English to Indonesian. Those example is “hi” and “How are you”. He uses that sentence because he know I’m school at English department. So he use a little English when chat with me at facebook.

4. Correspondent : female, Sundanese, student
Dominant language : Indonesia
Facebook Wall
Aduh, pagi-pagi udah morning sick
Analysis:
I found code mixing in conversation number 4. I think she use the word “morning sick” to give a stress. She is very sick today.

5. Correspondent : female, Javanese, student
Dominant language : Indonesia
Facebook Wall
My heart sakit lagi
Analysis:
I found code mixing in conversation number 5. She uses the word “my heart” in her Indonesian language to expressing she is broken heart.

6. Correspondent : female, Javanese, Student
Dominant language : Indonesia
Facebook Chat
Panca, tomorrow jangan lupa ngerjain semantic kelompok.
Analysis:
I found code mixing when I chat with my friend at facebook chat. The words are “tomorrow” and “semantic”. I think she uses that word for give stresses it’s important.




7. Correspondent : female, Javanese, Student
Dominant language : Indonesia
Facebook comment
Makasih udah di approve.
Analysis:
I found code mixing in conversation number seven. In my friend comment word “approve” was become facebook register so if you accepting people be your friend. You must “click” approve button.

8. Correspondent : female, Javanese student
Dominant language : Indonesia
Facebook Wall
Mau mu apa sich honey?
Analysis:
I found code mixing process in conversation number eight. The word “honey” in here its for someone that she loved.

9. Correspondent : male, Javanese, student
Dominant language : Indonesia
Facebook wall
Boring di rumah, pengen hang out bareng temen-temen tapi gak punya duit.
Analysis:
I found code mixing in conversation number nine. I think he uses word “boring” and “hang out” as a slang language because those two word was become slang language in Indonesia.






10 Correspondent : female, Javanese, student
Dominant Language : Indonesia
Facebook wall
Aku dah mulai going crazy gara-gara tugas.
Analysis:
I found code mixing process in conversation number ten. I think she uses word “going crazy” to expressing give up because of assignment.

11. Correspondent : female, Javanese, student
Dominant language : Indonesia
Facebook wall
Ada yang bisa help me?
Analysis:
I found code mixing process in conversation number eleven. I think she uses word “help me” for give stresses she really need help. And conversation number ten is code mixing between English and Indonesian language.















Conclusion

From the analysis above we found that the dominant type of code-mixing used in the collected data is mix between English words into Indonesian sentence. I think many people mixing English in Indonesian sentence for shows how cool they are. They don’t think they mix true or false. They only speaking or writing. Facebook have an important role for develop code mixing custom. Why? I found much code mixing process in Facebook. They mix English word in Indonesia sentences. They still find difficulty speaking fluently and totally in English. It is proven by evidences in the conversation which show that unconsciously they mix there chosen language (Indonesian) into another language that seems to be their dominant language used in conversation. The process of code mixing it self influence by three reasons: first, because of language knowledge first speaker or second speaker. Second, they are speaking in informal situation. Third, they use English in Indonesian sentence for shows how cool they are. So the code mixing process is going to happen following the development of language.












REFFERENCE

Badudu, Js. (1993). Cakrawala Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka.
Bing, Leung Yin. “Constraints On Intrasentensial Code-Mixing In Contonese and
English”. P. 24.
Clachar, A. Lene. “Redressing That Ethnic Conflict Through Monopolistic Creativity in code-mixing. 4th edition. (October, 2000): 9-311).
Chaer, Abdul and Leonie Agustina. (2004). Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Rohmadi, kadir. (2000). Sociolinguistik. Jakarta: Arda Cipta
Whardhaugh, Ronald. (2002). ed. 4th. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. UK: Blackwell Publishers.
www.signgenius.com/sign-language/definition-of-written-language.shtml
http://www.pintunet.com/lihat_opini.php?pg=2003/03/11032003/12329