Senin, 22 Agustus 2011
Morphological assimilation
Despite the early borrowings with kanji, most English loanwords nowadays are written in katakana. That is to say, English words are written with Japanese kanji or katakana syllabaries. Adding to the confusion, quite frequently-used loanwords are abbreviated or combined with Japanese words or other loanwords. They have no resemblance to the original source or get abbreviated and combined in ways they usually don’t in the original language. For example in nipponia magazine the writter found the word mai-kon and waapuro, it would take a special imagination to link “mai-kon” with the English “micro-computer”, “waapuro” with “word processor”.
English loanwords have been so integrated into Japanese that they have been subject to the same sorts of grammatical processes that native words have been. In many cases the resulting form is considered an English loanword, but its form might not be intelligible to a native English speaker. One such process is simple shortening. Such shortening occurs in English but not necessarily with the same words. Some long-standing short forms are:
Short form Long form English
Apaato apaatomento apartment
biru birujingu building
depaato depaatomento department store
Another process that occurs in English – but to different words – is that of using the first part of each word in a two-word combination, as in "hazmat" for "hazardous material." Examples in Japanese are:
Shortened Long form
Famikon fami(ly) com(puter)
waapuro wo(rd) pro(cessor)
Shortened Long form
puroresu pro(fessional) wres(tling)
hyuutekku hu(man) tech(nology)
d. Morphological change - abbreviation and combination
The need to add extra vowels to English words to accommodate them to the syllabic structure of Japanese results in some of them becoming very long in the borrowing. Loanwords are often abbreviated, either on or after entering the language. Usually this involves backclipping, where the last part of a word is omitted. Blending is also common - the combination of abbreviated words to produce new terms which do not exist in English. Some examples of back clipping and blending are given below.
Back clipping of a word : akuseru (accel[erator])
Back clipping of second word in phrase : masukomi (mass commu[nication])
Back clipping of first word in phrase : omuraisu (ome[letl + rice)
Back clipping of both words in phrase : pansuto (pan[tyl stolcking])
Front-clipping is rare; examples are nisu ([varlnish), raoruketro (towell[ing] + [blanlket) and homu ([platjform).
New combinations of words. There are many unique combinations of English words. These neologisms are known in Japanese as wasei eigo (literally ‘English which has become Japanese’).
Loanword Derivation Meaning
pureigaido play + guide ticket office
wanpisu
opun ki one + piece
open + car dress
convertible
pepi tesuto paper + test written test
odi sutoppu order + stop last orders
hai sensu high + sense good taste in fashion
chiku dansu cheek + dance slow dance
baton tacchi baton + touch passing the baton
There are also a large number of loanblends; combinations of words from two different
languages.
Loanblend Derivation Meaning
haburashi J tooth +brush toothbrush
r6rupan roll + Portuguese pao bread roll
denshi renji J electronic + range microwave oven
denwa bokkusu J telephone + box telephone box
natsumero J nostalgic + melo[dyj nostalgic melody
kibonshi carbon + J paper carbon paper
kafusu botan cuffs + Portuguese botio cufflinks
asashan J morning + sham[poo] morning shampoo
ch6nekutai J butterfly + necktie bowtie
wagomu J circle + Dutch gom rubber band
Many words borrowed from basic English vocabulary occur only in compound phrases, their corresponding Japanese word being used to represent the meanings of the words on their own. Examples are the word parts deriving from man, woman, boy, girl, baby, car, home, air, tree, sun, food, etc. Examples of words incorporating these basic items are; sururimun (salaried man), kyuriu imun (career woman), bc5ijkrendo (boyfriend), erebeti giru (elevator girl), bebibeddo (baby bed = cot), puroki (patrol car), hornusurei (homestay), eukon (air conditioner), kurisurnusu fsurii (Christmas tree), sungurusu (sunglasses) and fisuro fido (fast food). The loan item fido, for example, is never used on its own to refer to food in general.
The writer still in progress in analizing the data, so it’s the data that writer found in Nipponia magazine.
Combination
combination etiquette + brush echiketto burashi lint brush
paper + test pe¯pa¯ tesuto written test
open + car o¯pun ka convertible
loan-blend
loan-blend ha (Japanese for tooth) + brush haburashi tooth brush
denwa (Japanese for phone) + box denwabokusu telephone box
acronym
acronym commercial CM TV commercial
promotion video PV music video
Developing, printing, enlarging DPE developing photographic
film
Langganan:
Posting Komentar (Atom)
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar