Identify the differences in opening sequences between landline phone and mobile phone conversation in Indonesian language.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study
Nowadays it seems that people cannot live without having a phone. Telephone or landline phone used to be the secondary needs of people, a few years ago they only use it for business purposes or rich people who can have landline phone in their home since it was very expensive. As the day passes by, the development of line phone is increasing rapidly and its uses also changed. The use of line phone not only as a long distance communication but also as a link to family or friends, although the distance is too far but as long as they can hear each other’s voice it feels like they are talking face to face. The pre-eminence of landline phone is the device and the cost is cheaper to mobile phone. Moreover, landline phone place is irreplaceable with the house so it easier to contact it because person will not replace the house telephone number otherwise moving the house either, so that landline phone usually be used in home and office. On the other hand, there are several things that landline phone cannot do, first because it is irreplaceable, and second is when the phone is ringing we cannot know who is calling before we ask.
Mobile phone is a distance communication devices and it is the flexible version of line phone. The benefit of mobile phone is not only that people can call someone but also people can send a message and the most important thing that people can carry it anywhere. Mobile phone is appropriate for active people who have many schedules outside the house. Mobile phone is used to be considered as luxurious thing that everyone does not need to have since the cost is expensive, but now the public opinion begins to change. The more various mobile phones’ design the more well-known at public and along with the increase of provider it caused many competitors. Thus each mobile phone provider uses various strategies that make the price of mobile phone decrease and the phone call and message’s cost cheaper.
By using mobile phone, the caller number is always appearing except for those who have hidden their telephone numbers. For example, when someone calls, it appears the name of the caller if we saved the number the notification will appear “chika is calling” but if the number have not saved yet the notification is “+856123456xxx is calling” or if the caller hid his/her number, it will appear as “private number is calling.” On the other hand in landline phone, the caller number does not appear so usually the answerer can recognize just from the caller’s voice sample, so does the caller do, he/she does not know who is got the phone at that time until hearing the receiver voice sample. Conversations on the phone are very interesting, since they can share everything just two people or sides so this is considered as private conversation. In Conversation Analysis (hereafter CA) Levinson defines that there are 3 stages in conversation such as opening, middle and closing stages (Paltridge, 2000). According to Schegloff (2007), every turn in a conversation, like opening sequences, is central to form an organized and good sequence of interaction between two parties. Therefore, it is natural when a person greets someone; he/she expects a response from the addressee or anyone who notices the greetings. When there is no response to the openings, the interaction cannot occur. In ordinary face-to-face opening sequences, the rules lie on identification recognition sequence (‘hi’ components), and then are followed by a sequence of reciprocated ‘howareyou’ at which point the caller then continue the first topic (Wooffitt,2005; Schegloff,2007). ‘hi’ components function as the first initial pair in a conversation in which people usually start their conversation. After that, people continue their turn construction to howareyou sequence to know one’s condition before the other topic can be uttered.
Sack, Schegloff and Jefferson in 1974 were the first researcher in conducting CA, an approach to analysis derived from sociology also known as ethnometodology. Among all of those researchers, Schegloff conducted a research about telephone conversation. Schegloff identified caller’s first turn on the telephone without concerning the participant, but the writer does not limit the participant but she categorizes her data based on the social relationship. In American and British English, opening phone calls can be different depend on the degree of intimacy or social relationship. If the recipient of the call could recognize the caller, the caller does not need to introduce him/herself. The recipient will just do the second turn greeting to complete the greeting sequence which also claims that he/she recognizes the caller (Schegloff, 1979). For the mobile phone conversation, some researchers has been conducted research about mobile phone opening sequences in other languages, Arminen and Leinonen for example, the investigate about the differences in opening sequences between landline phone and mobile phone in Finnish and any other researcher only concern about the reason someone says where they are as like Eric Laurier did in 2003, but the writer of the thesis concern more about the identification of opening sequences and compare landline phone to mobile phone conversation in Indonesian. Therefore, this research of identification opening sequences in mobile phone might be the first time done in Indonesia.
Almost every people nowadays can not live without their mobile phone, because many people are familiar to mobile phone conversation. They might actually think that those conversations are unimportant without knowing that actually there is a pattern lies in every conversation. Some people might think that the opening sequences are unconscious thing and has no role in a conversation until the first topic exists, but opening sequences is the most important in conversation sequences. Without opening sequences the conversation cannot occur. Opening sequences as initiate of conversation determine whether it can be long conversation or not.
In one of Schegloff’s papers, he focused on telephone conversation openings and analyzed their formulation by using conversation analysis. His study (Schegloff, 1979) included 450 phone calls, which involved various subjects in terms of age, gender, region, social class and so forth. Although this research was a largely methodological, but if we limit the visual access such as posture, gesture, facial expression, etc., it may lead to a detail research, besides co-participant in telephone conversation does not pay attention in visual access (Schegloff, 1986, p.112). In 1979, the result of Schegloff research is he found nine types of caller’s first turn. Then, paying more attention to the feature of routines in telephone conversation, he proposed four sequences in telephone call openings: “a summons/answer sequence,” “an identification sequence,” “a greeting sequence,” and “’how are you’ sequences” (Schegloff, 1986, p. 116). These studies of telephone conversations are meaningful not only for the field of sociology but also for language learning. Stimulated by Schegloff’s work, Wong (2000, 2003) provided some pedagogical implications of teaching telephone conversation. She proposed a model lesson plan for teaching typical American English telephone conversations and pointed out the inadequacy of telephone conversations as they are presented in ESL textbooks.
After seeing that phenomenon, the writer of the thesis is interested in making a research about the differences in opening sequences between mobile phone and landline phone calls. The writer use Indonesia language as the target data and find the different pattern that Schegloff has been found. The writer uses conversational analysis approach to analyze those conversations. Conversation Analysis (CA) is a field of study concerned with the norms, practices and competences underlying the organization of social interaction. CA is concerned with all forms of spoken interaction including not only everyday conversation between friends and acquaintances, but also interactions in medical, education, mass media and socio-legal context, relatively ‘monologic’ interactions such as web-based multiparty communication (Drew & Curl, 2008, p.22). The writer tries to investigate opening sequences in detail.

1.2. Statements of the Problems
Based on the explanation above, the writer would like to state the problem
1. What are the differences in opening sequences between line-phone and mobile phone conversation in Indonesian language?
2. Why did the differences between landline phone and mobile phone conversation emerge?

1.3. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To identify the differences in opening sequences between landline phone and mobile phone conversation in Indonesian language.
2. To know why the differences between line-phone and mobile phone conversation emerge.

1.1. Significance of the Study
Previous researcher, Schegloff had been found the nine types of caller’s first turn in American English telephone conversation, similar to that research the writer of this thesis found the types of opening sequences pattern in Indonesia line phone and mobile phone conversation that never been conduct in Indonesia before. This study is expected to contribute on discourse to see how conversation is essentially structured in terms of contiguous, alternating turns of talk, known as adjacency pair. Not just that, the writer also compared opening sequences of Indonesia landline phone and mobile phone that expected to give contribution not only in sociology field but also for language learning in Indonesia. The writer conduct the research cross language in order to see the different pattern in Indonesia conversation from American English, which apparently has different culture and different pattern in talk in interaction.
The aim of the study is to gain more knowledge on the study of Conversational Analysis, on how linguistics pattern is influenced by means of communication used in opening sequences between landline phone and mobile phone talk. Otherwise, through this study readers are provided by how Conversational Analysis brings communicative environment on people’s interaction based on landline phone and mobile phone conversation.

1.2. Definition of Key Terms
Opening Sequence : beginning. initiating exchanges that establish social relation. (Burn and Joyce, 1997)
Casual Conversation : informal talk involving a small group of people or only two; activity of talking in this way.
Landline phone : apparatus for transmitting sound to a distance, especially by using optical or electrical signals. (Mobile dictionary V2.8)
Mobile phone : telephone that does not have wires and works by radio, that you can carry around with you and use anywhere. (Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary third edition)